MINERALS:
·
Naturally
occurring inorganic substances.
·
Found
in rocks beneath the earth’s surface in the form of compounds.
·
Solid
crystal structure. Have a definite chemical composition comprising one or more
elements.
·
Can
be identified by their physical & chemical properties.
·
Different
appearances and occur in various forms, in a wide range of colors, hardness,
forms luster and density. As all minerals are formed from a certain combination
of elements which depends upon the chemical and physical conditions under which
the mineral forms. The geologists use these prop. To categorize minerals.
Importance of Minerals:
·
Everything
we use, eat and drink has minerals.
·
Economic
development of people or nations can be vastly accelerated by the presence of
valuable minerals.
·
Make
our life comfortable and convenient.
·
They
are also responsible for all the biological processes on earth.
Rocks Containing Minerals:
·
Compacted
substances that comprise the earth’s crust are called rocks.
·
Rocks
are the naturally formed aggregate of mineral particles. It is the minerals
that impart their texture colour shape hardness or softness to rocks
o
For
e.g., limestone is a rock consists of a single mineral.
·
Majority
of rocks on the earth’s crust are a combination or an aggregate of different
minerals.
·
Over
3000 minerals have been identified so far; only a few are abundantly found.
Classification of Minerals:
Metallic
Minerals
1. Metallic minerals
are those minerals which can be melted to obtain a new product.
2. Iron, Copper,
Bauxite, Pyrite, Nickel, Tin, Manganese, Chromites, Silver, Gold, Lead,
Tungsten, Zinc etc. are some examples.
3. These are
generally associated with igneous rocks.
|
Non-Metallic
Minerals
1. Non-metallic
minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting.
2. E.g. Mica, limestone,
nitrate, carbon, sulphur, phosphorous, arsenic, coal, salt, clay, marble
3. There are
generally associated with sedimentary rocks.
|
Modes of Occurrence of Minerals:
Minerals
occur in “ores”. Ores are made up of different mineral contents. An ore must have
sufficient concentration of particular minerals to make extraction commercially
viable. The cost of prospecting and extraction being heavy, it is absolutely
necessary to know how to obtain minerals. Minerals occur:
1.
Veins and Lodes: the cracks and
fissures in the earth’s crust are known as vein lode. A lode is a mineral vein
or a network of veins in a rock. On account of convection currents rising in
the interior of the earth, many minerals have been deposited in these veins.
The smaller occurrences are veins and the larger are lodes. The minerals are
deposited in a liquid form and solidify and rise on cooling. The metallic
minerals are distinguished from other types of minerals in these veins and
lodes. Metals are strong and hard and these features are not found in other
types of minerals. Rock rich in metals minerals are called metallic ore.
2.
Beds and Layers: the sedimentary
rocks containing minerals occur in beds and layers. In the process of formation
of these rocks minerals are generally deposited in horizontal strata. This
concentration is mainly responsible for extraction. Metallic minerals generally
occur in rocks in the interior of the earth. Certain minerals found in
sedimentary rocks are transformed as a result of pressure and heat over a long
period of time. Other groups of minerals found in sedimentary rocks include
some forms of iron ores, precious metals, gypsum, potash, and salt like
minerals are formed when exposed to evaporation.
3.
Residual Mass: most surface rocks
undergo transformation on account of weathering. The weathering materials left
behind as residual mass may contain ores. Bauxite ore & aluminium ore is
formed in this way.
4.
Alluvial Deposits: river segments may
also contain minerals. Since the river originates from mountains or hills, it
carries with it these sediments are called ‘Placer deposits’, generally
consisting of sand and gravel containing valuable minerals. The placer deposits
are generally obtained from weathered materials from rocks or even veins and
washed down by a stream. In ancient times, gold, silver, tin and platinum were
obtained from these placer deposits.
5.
Diffusion: refers to the
process of spreading out of minerals through ocean waves and currents. Though
it occurs widely, the process of spreading out of minerals through ocean waves
& currents. Though it occurs widely, the process of mixing is very slow but
of great economic significance. The ocean beds have rich deposits of many types
of minerals which have been diffused from the surface. Manganese nodules,
common salt, magnesium & bromine are largely derived from ocean water.
Mining of Minerals:
though
widely distributed, minerals can logically be extracted only when found in that
area where quantities are sufficient to make mining commercially viable. Some
of these processes are described below:
1.
Quarrying: the excavation of
minerals on the surface of the earth is called quarrying. It is done usually
for extraction of stone, pebbles and marbles for building and construction
activity.
2. Open Pit Mining: it is also known as opencast mining.
This type of method is used for the mineral
strata has been removed by human action or natural forces. The opencast mining
if worked mechanically.
3.
Mining: the underground
deep exaction of minerals is generally termed as ‘mining’. Moist fossil fuels
are obtained in this way. The underground working or mining is now most common
as the surface deposits have almost been exhausted.
Distribution of
Minerals in India:
India
is sufficiently rich mineral resources. India has the potential to become an
industrial power on its own because of its mineral resources. The geological
survey of India carries the survey of minerals.
1.
India
is rich in iron ore 1/4th of the world’s iron ore reserves, coal,
manganese, limestone, bauxite and mica. India exports these minerals.
2.
India
is poor in non ferrous minerals like zinc, lead, copper, gold, sulphur. India
is poor in oil & natural gas. India has to import these minerals to meet
its requirements.
The
distribution of minerals in India is uneven. There are four chief regions:
i.
North
Eastern part peninsula including Chhotanagpur plateau.
ii.
In
central region MP, MAH, Chhattisgarh.
iii.
Rajasthan
iv.
The
southern plateau.
The
three leading states by the value of minerals:
Jharkand-29.5% Madhya Pradesh- 16.5% West Bengal- 10.7%
FERROUS MINERALS
IRON
|
||
Ore
Characteristics and Uses
|
Areas of
Production
|
Exported to
|
Magnetite:
Ø Finest iron ore
Ø 70% iron content
Ø Excellent
magnetic qualities
Ø Valuable in
electrical industries.
Hematite:
Ø Most important
industrial iron ore as huge quantities
Limonite:
Ø Contains 40%-60%
of iron.
Siderite
Ø Contains 40%-50%
of iron.
|
Ø Orissa
Jharkhand Belt-
badampur mines in the mayurubhunj and keonjhar districts high grade hematite.
Gua and noamundi in the singhbhum district of jharkund hematite.
Ø Durg- Bastar-Chandrapur
Belt-
lies in Chhattisgarh & Maharashtra. Famous Bailadila range of hills in
Baster district of Chhattisgarh(high grade hematite). It has 14 super grade
deposits,
Ø Bellary-Chitradurg-Chikmaglur-Tumkur
Belt-
Kudremukh mines in the W.Ghats or Karnataka.
One of the world’s largest deposits. Ore is transported as a slurry to the
port for export.
Ø Maharashtra-Goa
Belt-
Goa and ratnagiri districts in MAH
|
Ø Japan, korea,
European countries and gulf countries. Japan buys 3/4th of the
total export of india’s iron ore.
Ø Iron ore from the
bailadila range is exported via the Vishakapatnam port to japan & south
korea
Ø The entire iron
ore mined from Kudremukh mines is exported through Mangalore port. Iron ore
from Mharashtra, Goa is exported from Marmagoa Port.
|
MANGANESE
|
||
· Used for making
iron and steel and preparing ferro-manganese alloys.
· Manufacture of
bleaching powder, paints and insecticides.
· 10kg of manganese
is required to produce 1 tonne of steel.
|
Ø Karnataka,
Orissa, MP,GOA, MAH.
Ø Orissa is
the largest producing state. Almost 33% of the total production. 22% from MP.
15% from KAR and the rest.
|
Ø 1/5th
of the production is exported. Japan buys 2/3rd of our exports.
|
COPPER
|
||
· Malleable,
ductile, good conductor, used for electronic cables, electronis and chemical
industries. Indian copper ore contains less than 1% of copper
|
Ø Balaghat
mines in MP produce 52% of india’s copper.
Ø Singhum
dist. Of Jharkhand.
Ø Khetri
Mines-RAJ
|
Ø Production of
copper in the country is less than demand; so it is imported.
|
BAUXITE
|
||
· Alumninum is obtained
from bauxite
· Clay like
substance contains alumina
· Deposts are
fromed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium
silicates.
· Aluminium
obtained from bauxite has strength with extreme lightness and malleability,
which makes it important for manufacture of aircrafts and transport vehicles.
|
Ø Amakantak
Plateau
Ø Maikal
Hills
Ø Pachpatmali
deposits in Koraput dist. Of Orissa.
Ø Bilaspur-Katni
plateau in MP
Ø Orissa
is the largest baukite producing state. 45% in 2003-04. Jharkand 14%, Gujarat
17%, Mah 11%, 13% from the rest of the states.
|
|
NON-METALLIC
MINERALS- MICA
|
||
· Insulating
properties, resistance to high voltage, di-electric strength, low power loss
factor which makes it an indispensible mineral in electric and electronic
industry.
· Mica is made up
of a series of plates or leaves which can be split into thin sheets ver
easily. Mica can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
|
Ø Northern
edge of chhota napur plateau.
Ø Koderma-gaya-hazaribagh
belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer.
Ø Ajmer in
Raj.
Ø Nellora
mines in AP
|
UK,
USA, Russia are main buyers of Mice from India. Exported through the ports of
kolkatta and Vishakapatnam.
|
NON-METALLIC
MINERALS-LIMESTONE
|
||
· It is found in
association with rocks composed of Calcium Carbonate or calcium and magnesiu
carbonates.
· Found in
sedimentary rocks.
· Used for smelting
iron and is basic raw material for the cement industry.
|
Ø AP-16%
Ø MP-15%
Ø RAJ-15%
Ø GUJ-11%
Ø TN-9%
Ø Chhattisgarh,
KAR, HP & others-34%
|
|
CONSERVATION
OF MINERALS:
All
types of minerals are exhaustible resources. Other serious problems associated
with minerals are production and accumulation of wastes at various stages of
mining, processing as well as use.
1.
Efficiency in
Mining:
present technologies are inadequate in terms of their efficiency. The world has
yet to evolve a really efficient tech. suited to present day envt. called the
technology of beneficiation. Eg. A lot of feed stock went waste during
petroleum refining; today these wastes are utilized to make many by-products.
2. Substitutes: scarce minerals can be substituted by
developing biodegradable alternatives. Eg. Copper was earlier used extensively
in electrical industries. But now besides aluminium, many other materials are
used to conserve precious copper.
3.
Recyclying: mini steel plants
are using scrap iron all over the world, which is the best examples recycling.
It helps reduce wastes, but efficient recycling technologies have yet to to be
developed. Recycling is very expensive. Problems also arise on account of
mixing together of various types minerals, otherwise products made from iron,
copper, lead, zinc and almost all types of minerals can be recycled for more.
4.
Minimized Exports: exports should be
minimized and value added manufactured products should be exported.
Most
dynamic element in mineral conservation is however, technology as well as
ecosystem management. Assessing the future demand for resources, proper
planning is also a conservative technique. It also includes the use and
disposal of wastes which constitutes the earth’s greatest envt. pollutants.
ENERGY RESOURCES:
Energy
is the capacity for doing work, also called power. The modern unit of
measurement of Power is Watt. In ordinary language, 1hp=746watts. A unit of
electrical power equals to the product of voltage and current.
ENERGY: THE SOURCE
OF POWER:
The
chief sources of power are energr from fossil fuels, such as coal, petrol, gas,
nuclear materials, falling water, sun, wind, etc. Wind, sunrays and falling
water are converted into electricity while others like coal, petroleum and
natural gas- are applied directly in motor vehicles and machines. Fossil fuels
require combustion, they produce many gases and wastes causing damage to the
environment. 2/5th of the global energy consumption comes from
burning oil and the rest from burning coal and natural gas.
Based On Sources:
Non-Renewable
Sources of Energy
These
sources of energy are exhaustible. Their deposits cannot be renew dot replenished
after use. Eg: fossil fuels
|
Renewable Sources
of Energy
These
energy resources can be replenished. There may also nbe a continuous sources
of supply of these resources. These include water, solar energy, wind energy,
tidal and geothermal energies.
|
||||||||||||
Based On Usage:
Conventional Sources
· Sources of energy
being used for a long time are called conventional sources of energy.
· Fuelwood, coal
petroleum gas and water.
· Barring fuelwood
and water these resources are non renewable and exhaustible.
· Fossil fuels are
expensive to prospect, extract and process before use.
|
Non-Conventional Sources
of Energy:
· Sources of energy
which are still to come into common use are called non-conventional sources
of energy.
· Wind, tidal,
geothermal, biogas and solar.
· Inexhaustible or
renewable.
· Inexpensive once
the machinery for harnessing them is installed.
|
||||||||||||
Break-up of
Installed Power Capacity (MW) in India as on January 31, 2011
 |
|
ELECTRICITY:
Electricity
is obtained in three ways which are termed as hydro-electricity, thermal
electricity and nuclear electricity.
1.
Hydroelectricity: is produced by
usinf force of falling water from waterfalls or dams, which turns the blade of
the propeller, a rotary device meant to convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Major hydel projects associated with multipurpose projects
are: Bhakranangal, damodar valley, kopili hydel. AP, KAR, KER, ORI, PUN are the
leading hydel power producing states. Smaller projects are found in J&K and
MAH.
2. Thermal Electricity: there are 310 thermal power plants
in the country. They are located in Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand,
MP, WB, & UP. In WB only thermal power is used and produced.
3. Nuclear Electricity: generated by splitting of heavy
atomic nuclei, called atomic fission. Uranium, monazite, thorium, placer
deposits, cheralite, graphite and zirconium are used for generation of nuclear
power or atomic energy. India is recih in these minerals. The bhabha atomic
research centre has been set up at trombay for research in nuclear science.
Uranium and Thorium are raw materials for generating atomic power. These
minerals are found in bihar, rajasthan, tamil nadu and kerala. The atomic energy
commission was established in 1947. There are 6 nuclear reactors in india-
tarapur, kota,kalpakkam, narora, kaiga and kakrapar.
Nuclear
Energy Hope for the future: the
use of atomic energy is increasing in the field of medicine and agriculture. It
is being used to improve the quality of seeds. It can be used for exploring the
mineral wealth of India. Atomic energy is being used in india for many peaceful
and purposeful development of man-made lakes, diversion of rivers and in
medical science. India is rich in atomic minerals like uranium and thorium.
India’s growing capability in nuclear technology has resulted in achieving a
new high of 82% of average capacity factor of the plants. There is a shortage
of coal, petroleum and water power in India. In such areas, nuclear energy
plays a contemporary role in the development of industries.
COAL:
is
the prime source of energy, often called the “Mother of Industries” or “Black
Gold”. It was the basis of industrial revolution. It is used as a raw material in
the iron and steel and chemical industries. It is the main fuel for producing thermal
power. India ranks 7th in the world for coal reserves:
Four
types of coal:
1.
Anthracite:
contains 80% carbon, hard, black and compact, found only in jammu & Kashmir.
2. Bituminous: 60-80% carbon,
widely used.
3. Lignite: 60% of carbon,
low grade. It is called “brown coal”.
4.
Peat:
<50% carbon and burns like wood.
The
major states known for coal reserves are Jharkhand, chhatisgarh, Orissa, west Bengal,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
Production: coal production started
in Raniganj(WB) in 1774. After independence, production of coal has increased six
times. The per capita consumption of coal has increased from 135kg in 1951 to 400
in 2001. Mining of coal provides employment to about 7 lakh persons.
Distribution: India has two types
of coalfields: Godwana Coalfields and Tertiary Coal Fields.
(a):
Gondwana Coalfields:
over 200 million years in age, 3/4th of all coal deposits are found
in the located in the damodar valley(WB-Jhar), Godavari, Mahandi, Son and
wardha valleys.
(i)
West Bengal has the oldes coal field of India at Raniganj, area of 1267 sq.km.
(ii)
Bihar and Kharkhand: produce 50% of coal in India. Major Fields are Bokaro,
Karanpur, Daltonganj. Coking coal from these coalfields is supplied to steel
centres of Jamshedpur, Asansol, Durgapur and Bokaro.
(iii)
MP: has sone valley coalfield of suhagpur, korba, Rampur, tatapani and
singrauli
(iv)
Other Areas: singareni in AP, Talcher in Mahanadi valley and Chandawardha coalfileds
of MAH.
(b)
Tertiary Coalfield: about
55 million years old occur in NEstn. States of Meghalaya, Assa, Ar.P, Nagaland.
Its another variety includes lignite deposits called “brown wall” of low
quality. These include Neyveli deposits in TN producing 600MW of thermal power.
Other areas are Makum(assam), Bikaner, Gharo Khasi hills and Raisi.
Coal
is mainly used for: Generation of Electric Power 74% consumption, Iron and
Steel making 4%, Chemical and fertilizer industry.
PETROLEUM:
Liquid
fossil fuel, wells are dug or drilled on land or offshore to bring oil to the
surface. This crude oil is transported to refineries where it is changed into
gasoline and petrochemicals. Petroleum refineries serve as ‘nodal industries’
for chemical, fertilizer and synthetic textile industries as various products
are obtained during refining petroleum. It provides fuel for heating, lighting,
running machineries and vehicles, lubricants & raw materials for some
manufacturing plastics, chemicals etc.
Obtained
from sedimentary rock, most of the petroleum deposits in India are associated
with anticlines, anticlines are arch-shaped upfolds caused by compression in
rocks. The bed, dipping down and away from the central line is anticlinal axis.
These are fault traps in rock formation of tertiary age. They occur where
folding and faulting takes place. Oil is trapped in regions of folding,
anticlines or domes. Oil trapped in regions of folding, anticlines or domes.
The oil-bearing layer is a coarse limestone or sandstone allowing the air to
flow. The nonporous layers below help in preventing oil in rising or sinking.
Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
Natural gas is associated with petroleum deposits. It being lighter rises above
the oil trap.
Mumbai
High produces 63%, assam 16%, and gujarat18% of the total petroleum production
in India. Some oil is found in Tamil Nadu, Ar. Prad and Andhra Pradesh. In Guj.
Oil fields are in ankleshwar, oil is refined at trombay and koyali.
The
first oil field in india was discovered in 1867 at makum in assam. It has 3 imp
oilfields-naharkatiya, moran-hugrijan and digboi. There are 18 oil refineries
in India
NATURAL GAS:
A
clean energy resource associated with petroleum. Can be extracted easily by
drilling wells. Does not require processing, doesnot emit CO2 and burns hotter
and clearer, is cheaper and can be used to generate electricity, but it is
limited. Used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in
the petrochemical industry. India produces 27860million cub.m. of gas per year.
More than 3/4th of the prodn. comes from Mumbai high, 10% from guj.,
7% from assam and the remaining from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and
Raj.
Large
reserves have been discovered in Krishna Godavari basin and gulf of cambay.
Andaman and nicobar islands also have reserves. Power and fertilizers are key
users. Gas pipelines have proved to be like arteries, an imp. Cross country gas
line is the 1700km long Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur linking Mumbai high and
bassein with the fertilizer, power and industrial regions of wstn and nthn
india.
The
gas used in households is LPG and the gas used for vehicles in CNG.
NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
Following are the six main non-conventional sources of
energy, namely, solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and hydro power.
1. Solar
Energy: Solar energy is light and heat energy from the sun. Solar cells convert
sunlight into electrical energy. Thermal collectors convert sunlight into heat
energy. Solar technologies are used in watches, calculators, water pumps, space
satellites, for heating water, and supplying clean electricity to the power
grid. There is enough solar radiation striking the surface of the earth, to
provide all of our energy needs.
a. Two
main methods used to collect solar energy: solar thermal and photovoltaic.
b. India
has vast solar potential, due to its location.
c. Popular
in rural and urban areas
d. Largest
solar plant located in madhopur near bhuj, solar energy here is used to sterilize
milk cans.
e. Photovoltaic
converts solar directly to electricity.
f. Can
help in environmental conservation.
2. Wind
Energy: Moving air, turns the
blades of large windmills or generators to make electricity, or to pump water
out of the ground. A high wind speed is needed to power wind generators
effectively. While wind generators don’t produce any greenhouse gas emissions,
they may cause vibrations, noise and visual pollution.
a. India
ranks as wind super power.
b. Nagarcoil
and Jaiselmer well known for effective wind use.
c. Largest
wind farm located in TN- from nagarcoil to Madurai.
d. AP,
GUJ, KAR, KER, MAH, LAKSHADEEP, have important wind farms.
3. Biomass
Energy: Biomass is material of plants and animals that can be used for energy.
This includes using wood from trees, waste from plants and manure from
livestock. Biomass can be used to generate electricity, light, heat, motion and
fuel. Converting biomass energy into useable energy has many environmental
benefits. It uses waste materials that are usually dumped, and uses up methane
(a greenhouse gas). Fuels such as ethanol can be made from biomass and used as
an alternative to petrol to power motor cars.
a. Shrubs,
farm waste, animal and human waste is utilized to produce biogas for domestic
consumption in rural areas.
b. Gas
is produced when organic matter decomposes; gas is higher in thermal efficiency
compared to charcoal, kerosene and cow dung.
c. Gobar gas plants
use cow dung and give twin benefits to the farmers- energy and manure.
d. Such plants are set
up at individual, cooperative and municipal levels.
4. Geothermal
Energy: Geothermal energy uses heat energy from beneath the surface of the
earth. Some of this heat finds its way to the surface in the form of hot
springs or geysers. Other schemes tap the heat energy by pumping water through
hot dry rocks several kilometers beneath the earth’s surface. Geothermal energy
is used for the generation of electricity and for space and water heating in a
small number of countries.
a. Refers
to heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the
earth.
b. Ground
water at high geothermal gradient absorbs heat from rocks and becomes hot
almost turning to steam when it rises to earth’s surface. This steam is used to
drive turbines and generate electricity.
c. Two
experimental projects- parvati valley near manikaran in HP and the other in the
puga valley, laddakh.
d. A
large number of hot springs are located in India which can be used to generate
geothermal energy.
5. Tidal
Energy: If a dam or barrage is
built across a river mouth or inlet, electricity can be obtained by the flow of
water through turbines in the dam, due to the tide. The movement of waves can
also drive air turbines to make electricity. Although tidal and wave energy
don’t produce pollution, they can cause other environmental problems.
a. Gulf
of kuchchh provides ideal conditions for use of tidal energy.
b. The
national hydropower corporation has set up a 900mw tidal energy plant in gulf
of kuchchh area.
c. Oceanic
tides are used to generate electricity.
d. During
high tide, water flows into the inlet and gets trapped by the flood gates. This
water is carried through pipes back to the sea after the tide falls. The water
in the pipe is carried through a power generating turbine.
6.
Hydro Power: Fast-flowing water
released from dams in mountainous areas can turn water turbines to produce
electricity. While it doesn’t cause pollution, there are many other
environmental impacts to consider. Ecosystems may be destroyed, cultural sites
may be flooded and sometimes people need to be resettled. There are also
impacts on fish breeding, loss of wildlife habitat and changes in water flow of
rivers.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES:
a. Energy is basic
requirement for economic development. Every sector of the economy need energy
for its development.
b. Most of the energy
resources are limited.
c. Due to
industrialization, modernization and urbanization the consumption of energy in
all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.
How can
we conserve energy resources?
a. Need to develop a sustainable
path energy development, i.e., energy development but not at the cost of envt. or
needs of future generation.
b. Judicious use of limited
energy resources.
c. Wastage of minerals
should be minimized.
d. Modern technology should
be used for the exploitation of energy resources.
e. Export of energy resources
should be minimized.
f. Use of substitutes in
order save energy resources.
g. Encourage recycling
of energy resources.
thanks this was useful :) !!!
ReplyDeleteAwesome guys
ReplyDeletethe best and help full :-)
ReplyDeletethis is very helpful
ReplyDeleteyah!
DeleteAwesome every one...
ReplyDeletePortable Gi Pipe Threading Machine