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Types of resources-Natural

ORIGIN

1: Biotic resources:

These are obtained from the biosphere and have life.

a) Human beings

b) Livestock

c) Fisheries-Marine

d) Forests

e) Flora & Fauna

2: Abiotic Resources:

These are composed of non-living things.

a) Rocks

b) Minerals

c) Land

d) Water

e) Air

EXHAUSTIBILITY

1: Renewable Resources

These can be renewed or reproduced. Renewal or reproduction takes place through physical, chemical or mechanical process.

a) Solar

b) Wind

c) Water

d) Forests

Further classified into

i. Continuous- example: wind

ii. Flow- example: water

2: Non-Renewable

These take millions of years to form i.e. they occur over a long geological time,

For example: Minerals, Fuels.

Further classified into:

i. Recyclable- For example Metals

ii. Non-recyclable- For example fossil fuels

OWNERSHIP:

1: Individual Resources:

a) Owned privately by individuals.

b) Land owned by farmers

c) Well, ponds ,houses ,plots, in rural areas or urban areas

d) Plantations, pasture lands.

2: Community owned resources :

For the benefits of the entire community

For example: Parks play grounds, grazing fields, burial grounds, market place, picnic spots.

3: National Resources:

All resources belonging to the nation. The govt. has the authority and has empowered development authorities to acquire any land for public development.

a) All minerals, forests, wildlife, water.

b) Oceans up to 12 nautical miles.

c) Canals, roads, railways.

4: International Resources.

Owned by International institutions no individual country can utilize them.

Eg. No individual country can utilize oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the exclusive economic zone , as it belongs to the open ocean .Rights have to be acquired from international institutions.

Eg. India can mine manganese from the bed of the Indian ocean beyond the exclusive economic zone.

STATE OF DEVELOPMENT:

1: Potential Resources:

These are resources found in a region but not utilized

Eg: Rajasthan & Gujarat have great solar & wind energy potential.

2: Development Resources:

Those resources which are being developed with the use of technology according to their level of feasibility.

These resources have been assessed and surveyed and their quantity determined for utilization.

3: Stock & Reserve

i- Stock- the environment has certain reserves which can be utilized to satisfy human needs but humans do not have the technological knowledge to access & utilize these resources. Their resources are considered as stocks.

For example: Hydrogen & oxygen cannot be utilized to produce potable water.

ii- Reserve- these are resources which can be utilized with the help of technological know-how but is being postponed for future use.

For example: river water can be used for producing electricity

Development of resources:

Human’s use resources indiscriminately, overuse & exploitation create problems for humans.

The problems being:

1. Depletion of resources is rapid.

2. Concentration of resources in few hands.

3. Global ecological crisis

4. Environmental pollution

a. Ozone layer depletion.

b. Global warming.

c. Land degradation

· Rapid industrialization, overuse, over exploitation fast economic growth resulted in reckless use/wastage of natural resources.

· For a sustained quality of life, progress and world peace, a rational, judicious and equitable distribution of resources is essential.

· All objectives of sustainable development /existence can be achieved through planning of resources.

· Resources are necessary for development though their use damages the environment. Ecology .They cause pollution and disturb the balance in nature. For these problems the issues of sustainable economic development has emerged in the past century.

· Sustainable economic development is development without damaging the environment or compromising with the needs of the future generation.

· Need for a balanced programme of resource planning at the national, state, regional & local levels.

· Resources are unevenly distributed and limited all over the world, their, planning is essential and important .Resources planning refers to the technique of a balanced utilization of resources.

Resources planning has 3 levels-

1^st Level- identification & preparation of inventory of resources which involves surveying mapping & estimation, measurement of quantity, characteristics & properties of resources.

2^nd level- developing a planning structure which involves examining resources from the points of view of technology, economy & needs.

3^rd level- matching the resource development plans with the overall national development plans.

· Development of any region depends on availability of resources and appropriate technological skill and an institutional set-up .If either are missing development is not possible.

· There exist many region in India which are rich in resources but are economically backward .

· Development in India, especially resource development is a function of availability of resources +technology +quality of human resources + history &experience of the people.

CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES:-

a. Resources are essential for sustenance & development.

b. Over exploitation and unplanned consumption of resources are leading to depletion

c. Has socio-economic & environmental consequence.

d. Tackled by adopting resource conservation as a means to manage and save resources for a better Future.

· Conservation of resources means using resources efficiently that are needed now and without harming future generations.

· Conservation does not prohibit the use but emphasizes on judicious & planned use of natural resources.

· Gandhiji emphasized on producing for the masses rather than mass production. He said that the main cause for resource depletion at the global level was the greed of a few people and exploitative character of modern technological development

· He emphasized that it was necessary to produce for the masses rather than mass production.

· The Brundtland commission Report, 1987 introduced the concept of sustainable development and advocated it as a means towards resource conservation, published in a book ‘Our Common Future’.

· The earth summit in 1992 at Brazil also made significant contribution towards resource conservation.

II:

LAND RESOURCES: Land is a very important resource

Land supports

i. Natural vegetation.

ii. wild life,

iii. human life,

iv. economic activities,

v. Communication system.

vi. transport system

As land is of great significance for all nations. It is an important asset which need to be used with care and concern because it is finite in nature. Careful planning of land use is very important.

Physical features of India & their map-

Mountains:- 30%

a. Ensures perennial flow of some rivers

b. Maintains ecological balance

c. Facilitates tourism

Plateaus:- 23%

a. Rich in fossil fuels

b. Minerals & Forests.

Plains:- 43%

a. Facilitates agriculture

b. Facilitates industries

c. Settlements.

Land use:-

Land Resources can be utilized as-

1. Forest

2. Cultivable waste Land.

3. Barren and uncultivable land.

4. Fallow other than current fallow

5. Area under nonagricultural uses.

6. current fallow

7. Permanent pastures and other grazing land.

8. Net area sown.

9. Area under miscellaneous tree crops & groves

10. Cultivable waste Land.

Factors that determine land use pattern-

Topography

Climate

Soil

Human factors

a-population b-density

c-technological capability d-cultural traditions.

· India has a total geographical area of 3.28 million km²the land use data available is of 93% of total area because reports of some politically troubled areas

· Eg. POK, COK could not be collected.

· Recent studies & statistics point out that land under permanent pastures and land under trees crops has decreased .This decreased in land under permanent pastures has serious consequences as it becomes difficult to feed the huge cattle population if grazing lands are less.

· The other than current fallow lands are cultivated once or twice in about 2-3 years as these lands are poor in quality or the cultivation cost involved is very high.

· A wide variation in pattern in net sown area from one state to another. Haryana and Punjab have higher net sown area as compared to the eastern states or islands 80% and 10%. The reason for this is the relief, climate, soil, topology, irrigation.

· The national forest policy has outlaid that the desired forest area of a country must be 33% of geographical area .This is necessary to maintain an ecological balance.

· Some land areas termed as wasteland; which include , rocky, arid, and desert areas.

· Some land is termed as land put to other than non-agricultural uses , like settlements, roads, rails, Industries .

Land degradation is caused due to:

Deforestation

Shortage of land. Due to increase in population

Poor land use.

Insecure land tenure

Improper land management practices & poverty.

Human activities

Waste lands are degraded lands which cannot fulfill their life sustaining potential.

Wastelands results from -Imposed/Inherent

Location

Climate

Environment

Chemical and physical properties of soil

Financial Management constraints

India wastelands – Year 2000

· Water eroded - 56% 130 million hectares

· Forest degraded -28%

· Saline & Alkaline -6%

· Wind eroded - 10%

Overgrazing results to wind and water erosion Eg. Gujarat ,Rajasthan ,Maharashtra

Abandoned mining sites, eg. Jharkhand ,Orissa and M.P

Water logging caused by over irrigation

Eg. UP, Haryana and Punjab results in increase of alkalinity or salinity of soil.

10.

Mineral processing- limestone generate huge quantity of dust, which settles down on the land,& hinders the infiltration of water in the soil.

11.

Effluents from industries

12.

Agriculture practice like shifting agriculture, absence of soil conservation measures, unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers.

III

SOIL-A RESOURCE

1. Uppermost layer of the earth’s crust is called soil

2. Soil a basic resource for agriculture

3. Soil is renewable natural resources.

4. Soil formation a slow process, takes millions of years

5. Components of soil are grouped into organic

6. Inorganic substances.

a) Organic component are living& dead plant & animal matter ,formed by decomposition of dead animals & plants matter & its called humus .

b) In organic substance -are weathered rock.

7. Topography, relief, time climate parent rock or bed rock ,vegetation & other forms of life play an important role in soil formation .

8. Also , water, temperature changes ,chemical and organic changes contribute towards soil formation.

TYPES OF SOIL

Indian soil are classified into –

1. Urvara-fertile soil 2. Usara- sterile soil

Soil is generally on the basis of texture, colour and their physical & chemical properties.

Also classified on the basis of :

1. Transported - carried from one place to another .

2. Sedentary- develop near place of origin on near parent rock.

ALLUVIAL -

a) River valleys of North plains

b) Eastern coastal plains deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna & Kaveri.

c) Contain potash ,phosphoric acid &lime

d) Made of silt, sand, clay

e) Best for sugarcane, paddy & wheat, cereal & pulse crops

f) Used intensively from growing crops and therefore is very densely populated

g) Some dry areas also have alluvial soils, but the soil is alkaline has to put under special treatment & irrigation to be productive.

h) They are transported soil carried by Ganga, Brahma & Indus river systems.

i) In the upper coarse or river valley, they have coarser particles

j) In the lower valleys finer particles are found

k) Coarse soils are found in piedmont plains such as duars, chos & terai

l) Can be classified into khaddar & bhangar based on age.

m) Khaddar new, light in colour, very fertile found near rivers, finer

n) Bhangar-old, dark, higher concentration of kankar, coarser.

Black soil

a) Sedentary soils, derived from lava in the Deccan trap area composed of basalt rocks.

b) Also known as regur or cotton soil /black cotton soil

c) Ideal for growing cotton

d) Extremely good water retention

e) Sticky when wet as 60% is clay

f) Have to be tilled during pre-monsoon periods

g) Summer-they get dry and develop cracks allowing proper aeration of the soil

h) Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime

i) Poor in phosphoric contents

j) Found in maharashtra, chattishgarh, saurashtra, karnataka, and andhrapradesh & tamilnadu

Red & Yellow soils:-

a) Soils develop due to the weathering of the crystal igneous rocks

b) Found in areas of low rainfall in eastern & southern parts of the Deccan plateau

c) Chhattisgarh, Orissa, southern parts of middle Ganga plain & piedmont zone of western Ghats.

d) Soil appears yellow in hydrated form

e) Reddish colour is due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline & metamorphic rocks.

f) Air & water help in rusting of iron content giving the soil a red colour.

Laterite soils

a) Soil is red in colour, composed of little clay& much gravel of red sandstones.

b) Lacks fertility-low value for crop production.

c) Develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.

d) Humus content is very low as Bacteria/decomposers get destroyed due to high temperature.

e) Intensively leached is a soil of the monsoon climate

f) Can be utilized to the maximum if right doses of fertilizers and manure are used.

g) Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu & hilly areas of Assam, Meghalaya

h) Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh & Kerala have red laterite soil suitable for the growth of cashew nut.

i) If proper soil conservation measures are used, they are most appropriate for growing tea and coffee.

Arid soils

a) Sandy in texture

b) Colour from red to brown

c) Saline in nature-some area is very high & salt can be obtained after evaporation.

d) Dry climate area with high temperature

e) Low in humus

f) Calcium content soil decreases downwards

g) Lower strata of soils contains “kankar”.

h) Hinders the filtration of water

i) Have to be irrigated

j) Ploughed very deep for cultivation.

k) Soil improvement techniques have been successfully adopted in western Rajasthan.

Forest soil

a) Found in rainforest in hilly& mountainous areas

b) Texture varies according to the area.

c) Soils in the lower parts of the valleys, especially on the river terraces and alluvial fans are extremely fertile.

d) In the snow covered areas of the Himalayas the soils are acidic with low humus content & are denuded.

e) The valley sides have silt & loamy soil while the upper slopes have coarse grained soil.

f) Soils are heterogeneous in nature & vary from region to region.

SOIL EROISION

“The removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind, and water, more rapidly than the various soil forming process can replace it.”

Water Erosion: Water is a powerful agent of soil erosion.

i. Sheet Erosion: Stage 1

There is a balance between the two processes of soil formation and soil erosion. But this balance is disturbed by natural or human factors.
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION:

· The top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by running water.

· Unprotected lands are most susceptible to sheet erosion.

· Very harmful as it removes the top layer which is very fine and fertile.

ii. Rill Erosion: Stage 2

· The second stage of sheet erosion

· If erosion continues small finger shaped grooves which are a few centimetres in depth may develop on the landscape.

· Over a period of time the fine rills increase in number and also become deeper and wider.

iii. Gully Erosion: Stage3

· The rills become deeper and become enlarged and ultimately turned into gullies.

· The main cause is the removal of vegetation, as roots of trees bind the soil.

· Responsible for the formation of ravines.

Wind Erosion:

· Wind is a powerful agent of erosion in arid and semi lands with little rainfall.

· Wind can lift the valuable top soil from one area and deposit it in another area.

· Wind erosion is a very dangerous type of erosion because due to wind most of the deserts of the world are expanding.

Human factors of soil erosion: Apart from the natural factors such as wind and water, man is an important factor responsible for soil erosion.

1. Deforestation: With the increase in population, modernization and industrialization, the pressure on forest resources is increasing every day. This has resulted in reckless cutting of forests which has led to the problem of soil erosion. Roots of trees and plants bind the soil particles and regulate the flow of water, thus saving the soil from erosion. Therefore, deforestation invariably results in floods and soil erosion. The large scale damage to soil in Shiwalik range, the choes of Punjab and parts of Haryana and the ravines of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan is largely due to deforestation.

2. Overgrazing: Forests and grasslands provide much needed fodder for animals. During the rainy season, there is a plenty of growth and animals get enough fodder. But during the long dry period, there is shortage of fodder and the grass is grazed to the ground and torn out by the roots by animals. This leads to loose structure of the soil and the soil is easily washed away by rains. Soil erosion is mainly due to overgrazing is a common sight in the hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in the dry areas of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

3. Faulty methods of agriculture: Faulty methods of agriculture are also responsible for soil erosion. For example: Ploughing fields along the slope makes it easier for running water and wind to cause erosion. Shifting agriculture is also responsible for soil erosion because forests are cleared for cultivation. Soil erosion due to shifting agriculture is one of the major problems in north-eastern states.

V: SOIL CONSERVATION:

Soil conservation includes all those measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion and exhaustion. Soil is our most precious asset.

Protective soil alone ensures progress in agriculture, industrial development, economic betterment and a higher standard of living.

So there is an urgent need to conserve soil.

1. Afforestation: The best way to conserve soil is to increase area under forests. Indiscriminate felling of trees should be stopped and efforts should be made to plant trees in new areas.

2. Restricted grazing of animals: Animals should be moved over different pastures so as to avoid erosion of soil. Fodder crops should be grown in larger quantity.

3. Constructing Dams: Much of the soil erosion by river floods which can be avoided by constructing dams across the rivers. This checks the speed of water and saves soil from erosion.

Proper Farming Techniques

1. Crop Rotation: If same crop is sown in the same field year after year this consumes certain nutrients from the soil making it infertile. Crop rotation can check this of erosion.

2. Checking and reducing shifting agriculture by persuading the tribal people to switch over to settled agriculture.

3. Terracing and contour bonding across the hill slopes is a very effective and one of the oldest methods of soil conservation. Hill slope is cut into a number of terraces having horizontal top and steep slopes on the back and front. Contour bonding involves the construction of bank along the contour.

4. Ploughing the land in a direction perpendicular to wind direction also reduces wind velocity and protects the top soil from erosion.

5. Shelter belts (the rows of trees) can also reduce soil erosion because these break the force of wind and water.

Questions:

A. Very short answer type questions:

1. What are the major types of soils available in India?

2. What is soil erosion?

3. What is gully- erosion?

4. What do you understand by gully-erosion?

5. What are renewable resources?

6. What are non-renewable resources?

7. Write any four factors which contribute to the formation and fertility of the soil.

8. Name any three factors which are responsible for waste land.

9. Mention any four human activities which cause degradation of land.

10. What percentage of total area of India is under: a. Mountains b. Plateaus c. Plains

11.”Human resources and natural resources are complimentary to each other.” Justify the statement by giving two examples.

B. Short answers type questions:

1. How does industry cause land degradation?

2. Write a short note on alluvial soil.

3. Write a short note on red soil.

4. Distinguish between:

a. Red soil and laterite soil.

b. Renewable and non-renewable resources.

c. Alluvial soil and black soil.

d. National and international resources.

e. Stock and reserve.

5. Explain the formation of soil.

6. Discuss the causes of soil erosion.

Board Questions:

1. To which state is black soil predominantly confined? Mention some features of the soil.

2. Write one nutrient that is found to be deficient in alluvial soil.

3. What is resource planning?

4. What are natural resources?

5. What are biotic resources?

6. What are abiotic resources?

7. What do you mean by conservation of natural resources?

8. Write two characteristics each of ‘khaddar’ and ‘bhangar’ soil.

9. Give two characteristics of laterite soil.

10. What is degraded land? Which are the factors responsible for degradation of land?

11. Why is there need for resources planning?

12. How is black soil and regur soil formed? Where is this soil found in India?

13. Describe any six measures adopted to control land degradation in different areas of our country.

Write a short note on land conservation measures.

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Friday, 2 May 2014

Lesson 1 Resources and Development, Geography Class X