I:
|
Types of
resources-Natural
|
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A:
|
ORIGIN
|
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|
1: Biotic
resources:
These
are obtained from the biosphere and have life.
a)
Human beings
b)
Livestock
c)
Fisheries-Marine
d)
Forests
e)
Flora & Fauna
|
2: Abiotic
Resources:
These
are composed of non-living things.
a)
Rocks
b)
Minerals
c)
Land
d)
Water
e)
Air
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B:
|
EXHAUSTIBILITY
|
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|
1: Renewable
Resources
These
can be renewed or reproduced. Renewal or reproduction takes place through
physical, chemical or mechanical process.
a)
Solar
b)
Wind
c)
Water
d)
Forests
Further
classified into
i.
Continuous- example: wind
ii.
Flow- example: water
|
2:
Non-Renewable
These
take millions of years to form i.e. they occur over a long geological time,
For
example: Minerals, Fuels.
Further
classified into:
i.
Recyclable- For example Metals
ii.
Non-recyclable- For example fossil fuels
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C:
|
OWNERSHIP:
|
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|
1: Individual
Resources:
a)
Owned privately by individuals.
b)
Land owned by farmers
c)
Well, ponds ,houses ,plots, in rural
areas or urban areas
d)
Plantations, pasture lands.
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2: Community
owned resources :
For
the benefits of the entire community
For
example: Parks play grounds, grazing fields, burial grounds, market place,
picnic spots.
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3: National
Resources:
All
resources belonging to the nation. The govt. has the authority and has
empowered development authorities to acquire any land for public development.
a)
All minerals, forests, wildlife, water.
b)
Oceans up to 12 nautical miles.
c)
Canals, roads, railways.
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|
4:
International Resources.
|
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|
Owned
by International institutions no individual country can utilize them.
Eg.
No individual country can utilize
oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the exclusive economic zone , as it
belongs to the open ocean .Rights have to be acquired from international institutions.
Eg.
India can mine manganese from the bed of the Indian ocean beyond the
exclusive economic zone.
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D.
|
STATE OF
DEVELOPMENT:
|
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|
1: Potential
Resources:
These
are resources found in a region but not utilized
Eg:
Rajasthan & Gujarat have great solar & wind energy potential.
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|
2: Development
Resources:
Those
resources which are being developed with the use of technology according to their level of feasibility.
These
resources have been assessed and surveyed and their quantity determined for utilization.
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|
3: Stock &
Reserve
|
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|
i- Stock- the environment
has certain reserves which can be utilized to satisfy human needs but humans do not have the
technological knowledge to access & utilize these resources.
Their resources are considered as stocks.
For
example: Hydrogen & oxygen cannot be utilized to produce potable water.
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|
ii- Reserve- these are
resources which can be utilized with the help of technological know-how but
is being postponed for future use.
For
example: river water can be used for producing electricity
|
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E:
|
Development of
resources:
|
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|
Human’s
use resources indiscriminately, overuse & exploitation create problems
for humans.
|
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|
The
problems being:
|
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|
1.
Depletion of resources is rapid.
2.
Concentration of resources in few
hands.
3.
Global ecological crisis
4.
Environmental pollution
a.
Ozone layer depletion.
b.
Global warming.
c.
Land degradation
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|
·
Rapid industrialization, overuse,
over exploitation fast economic growth resulted in reckless use/wastage of
natural resources.
·
For a sustained quality of life,
progress and world peace, a rational, judicious and equitable distribution of
resources is essential.
·
All objectives of sustainable
development /existence can be achieved through planning of resources.
·
Resources are necessary for
development though their use damages the environment. Ecology .They cause
pollution and disturb the balance in nature. For these problems the issues of
sustainable economic development has emerged in the past century.
·
Sustainable economic development is
development without damaging the environment or compromising with the needs
of the future generation.
·
Need for a balanced programme of
resource planning at the national, state, regional & local levels.
·
Resources are unevenly distributed
and limited all over the world, their, planning is essential and important
.Resources planning refers to the technique of a balanced utilization of
resources.
|
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|
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|
Resources
planning has 3 levels-
|
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|
1st
Level- identification & preparation of inventory of resources
which involves surveying mapping & estimation, measurement of quantity,
characteristics & properties of resources.
2nd
level- developing a planning structure which involves examining
resources from the points of view of technology, economy & needs.
3rd
level- matching the resource development plans with the overall
national development plans.
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|
·
Development of any region depends on
availability of resources and appropriate technological skill and an institutional
set-up .If either are missing development is not possible.
·
There exist many region in India which
are rich in resources but are
economically backward .
·
Development in India, especially
resource development is a function of availability of resources +technology
+quality of human resources + history &experience of the people.
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F:
|
CONSERVATION OF
RESOURCES:-
|
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|
a.
Resources are essential for sustenance
& development.
b.
Over exploitation and unplanned
consumption of resources are leading to depletion
c.
Has socio-economic &
environmental consequence.
d.
Tackled by adopting resource
conservation as a means to manage and save resources for a better Future.
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|
·
Conservation of resources means
using resources efficiently that are needed now and without harming future
generations.
·
Conservation does not prohibit the
use but emphasizes on judicious & planned use of natural resources.
·
Gandhiji emphasized on producing for
the masses rather than mass production. He said that the main cause for
resource depletion at the global level was the greed of a few people and
exploitative character of modern technological development
·
He emphasized that it was necessary
to produce for the masses rather than mass production.
·
The Brundtland commission Report, 1987
introduced the concept of sustainable development and advocated it as a means
towards resource conservation, published in a book ‘Our Common Future’.
·
The earth summit in 1992 at Brazil
also made significant contribution towards resource conservation.
|
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II:
|
LAND RESOURCES:
Land is a very important resource
|
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|
Land
supports
i.
Natural vegetation.
ii.
wild life,
iii.
human life,
iv.
economic activities,
v.
Communication system.
vi.
transport system
As
land is of great significance for all nations. It is an important asset which
need to be used with care and concern because it is finite in nature. Careful
planning of land use is very important.
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|
Physical
features of India & their map-
|
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1.
|
Mountains:-
30%
|
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|
a.
Ensures perennial flow of some
rivers
b.
Maintains ecological balance
c.
Facilitates tourism
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2.
|
Plateaus:- 23%
|
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|
a.
Rich in fossil fuels
b.
Minerals & Forests.
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3.
|
Plains:-
43%
|
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|
a.
Facilitates agriculture
b.
Facilitates industries
c.
Settlements.
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|
Land use:-
|
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|
Land
Resources can be utilized as-
|
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|
1.
Forest
|
2.
Cultivable waste Land.
|
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|
3.
Barren and uncultivable land.
|
4.
Fallow other than current fallow
|
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|
5.
Area under nonagricultural uses.
|
6.
current fallow
|
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|
7.
Permanent pastures and other grazing
land.
|
8.
Net area sown.
|
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|
9.
Area under miscellaneous tree crops
& groves
|
10. Cultivable
waste Land.
|
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|
Factors that determine land use pattern-
|
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1.
|
Topography
|
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2.
|
Climate
|
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3.
|
Soil
|
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4.
|
Human
factors
a-population b-density
c-technological
capability d-cultural
traditions.
|
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|
·
India has a total geographical area
of 3.28 million km2 the land use data available is of 93% of total
area because reports of some politically troubled areas
·
Eg. POK, COK could not be collected.
·
Recent studies & statistics
point out that land under permanent pastures and land under trees crops has decreased .This decreased in
land under permanent pastures has serious consequences as it becomes
difficult to feed the huge cattle population if grazing lands are less.
·
The other than current fallow lands are cultivated
once or twice in about 2-3 years as these lands are poor in quality or the
cultivation cost involved is very high.
·
A wide variation in pattern in net
sown area from one state to another. Haryana and Punjab have higher net sown
area as compared to the eastern states or islands 80% and 10%. The reason for
this is the relief, climate, soil, topology, irrigation.
·
The national forest policy has
outlaid that the desired forest area of a country must be 33% of geographical
area .This is necessary to maintain an ecological balance.
·
Some land areas termed as wasteland;
which include , rocky, arid, and desert areas.
·
Some land is termed as land put to
other than non-agricultural uses ,
like settlements, roads, rails, Industries .
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|
Land
degradation is caused due to:
|
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1.
|
Deforestation
|
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2.
|
Shortage
of land. Due to increase in population
|
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3.
|
Poor
land use.
|
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4.
|
Insecure
land tenure
|
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5.
|
Improper
land management practices & poverty.
|
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6.
|
Human
activities
|
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|
Waste lands are degraded lands which cannot
fulfill their life sustaining potential.
Wastelands results from -Imposed/Inherent
|
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1.
|
Location
|
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2.
|
Climate
|
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3.
|
Environment
|
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4.
|
Chemical
and physical properties of soil
|
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5.
|
Financial
Management constraints
|
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6.
|
India
wastelands – Year 2000
·
Water eroded - 56% 130 million hectares
·
Forest degraded -28%
·
Saline & Alkaline -6%
·
Wind
eroded - 10%
|
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7.
|
Overgrazing results to wind and water erosion Eg.
Gujarat ,Rajasthan ,Maharashtra
|
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8.
|
Abandoned
mining sites, eg. Jharkhand ,Orissa
and M.P
|
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9.
|
Water
logging caused by over irrigation
Eg.
UP, Haryana and Punjab results in increase of alkalinity or salinity of
soil.
|
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10.
|
Mineral
processing- limestone generate huge quantity of dust, which settles down on the
land,& hinders the infiltration of water in the soil.
|
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11.
|
Effluents
from industries
|
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12.
|
Agriculture
practice like shifting agriculture, absence of soil conservation measures,
unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers.
|
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III
|
SOIL-A RESOURCE
|
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|
1.
Uppermost layer of the earth’s crust
is called soil
2.
Soil a basic resource for agriculture
3.
Soil is renewable natural resources.
4.
Soil formation a slow process, takes
millions of years
5.
Components of soil are grouped into organic
6.
Inorganic substances.
a)
Organic component are living&
dead plant & animal matter ,formed by
decomposition of dead animals
& plants matter & its called humus .
b)
In organic substance -are weathered
rock.
7.
Topography, relief, time climate
parent rock or bed rock ,vegetation & other forms of life play an
important role in soil formation .
8.
Also , water, temperature changes ,chemical and organic changes
contribute towards soil formation.
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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A
|
TYPES OF SOIL
|
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|
Indian
soil are classified into –
1.
Urvara-fertile soil 2. Usara-
sterile soil
|
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|
Soil
is generally on the basis of texture, colour and their physical &
chemical properties.
Also classified on the basis of :
1.
Transported - carried from one place to another .
2.
Sedentary- develop near place of
origin on near parent rock.
|
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1
|
ALLUVIAL -
|
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|
a)
River valleys of North plains
b)
Eastern coastal plains deltas of Mahanadi,
Godavari, Krishna & Kaveri.
c)
Contain potash ,phosphoric acid
&lime
d)
Made of silt, sand, clay
e)
Best for sugarcane, paddy &
wheat, cereal & pulse crops
f)
Used intensively from growing crops
and therefore is very densely populated
g)
Some dry areas also have alluvial
soils, but the soil is alkaline has to put under special treatment &
irrigation to be productive.
h)
They are transported soil carried by
Ganga, Brahma & Indus river systems.
i)
In the upper coarse or river valley,
they have coarser particles
j)
In the lower valleys finer
particles are found
k)
Coarse soils are found in piedmont plains such as duars, chos & terai
l)
Can be classified into khaddar &
bhangar based on age.
m) Khaddar new, light in
colour, very fertile found near rivers, finer
n)
Bhangar-old, dark,
higher concentration of kankar, coarser.
|
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2
|
Black soil
|
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|
a)
Sedentary soils, derived from lava
in the Deccan trap area composed of basalt rocks.
b)
Also known as regur or cotton soil
/black cotton soil
c)
Ideal for growing cotton
d)
Extremely good water retention
e)
Sticky when wet as 60% is clay
f)
Have to be tilled during pre-monsoon
periods
g)
Summer-they get dry and develop
cracks allowing proper aeration of the soil
h)
Rich in calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and lime
i)
Poor in phosphoric contents
j)
Found in maharashtra, chattishgarh,
saurashtra, karnataka, and andhrapradesh & tamilnadu
|
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3
|
Red &
Yellow soils:-
|
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|
a)
Soils develop due to the weathering
of the crystal igneous rocks
b)
Found in areas of low rainfall in
eastern & southern parts of the Deccan
plateau
c)
Chhattisgarh, Orissa, southern parts
of middle Ganga plain & piedmont zone of western Ghats.
d)
Soil appears yellow in hydrated form
e)
Reddish colour is due to the
diffusion of iron in crystalline & metamorphic rocks.
f)
Air & water help in rusting of
iron content giving the soil a red colour.
|
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4
|
Laterite soils
|
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|
a)
Soil is red in colour, composed of
little clay& much gravel of red sandstones.
b)
Lacks fertility-low value for crop production.
c)
Develops in areas with high
temperature and heavy rainfall.
d) Humus content
is very low as Bacteria/decomposers get destroyed due to high temperature.
e)
Intensively leached is a soil of the
monsoon climate
f)
Can be utilized to the maximum if
right doses of fertilizers and manure are used.
g)
Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa,
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu & hilly areas of Assam, Meghalaya
h)
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh &
Kerala have red laterite soil suitable for the growth of cashew nut.
i)
If proper soil conservation measures
are used, they are most appropriate for growing tea and coffee.
|
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5
|
Arid soils
|
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|
a)
Sandy in texture
b)
Colour from red to brown
c)
Saline in nature-some area is very
high & salt can be obtained after evaporation.
d)
Dry climate area with high
temperature
e)
Low in humus
f)
Calcium content
soil decreases downwards
|
g)
Lower strata of soils contains “kankar”.
h)
Hinders the filtration of water
i)
Have to be irrigated
j)
Ploughed very deep for cultivation.
k)
Soil improvement techniques have
been successfully adopted in western Rajasthan.
|
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6
|
Forest soil
|
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|
a)
Found in rainforest in hilly&
mountainous areas
b)
Texture varies according to the
area.
c)
Soils in the lower parts of the
valleys, especially on the river terraces and alluvial fans are extremely
fertile.
d)
In the snow covered areas of the
Himalayas the soils are acidic with low humus content & are denuded.
e)
The valley sides have silt &
loamy soil while the upper slopes have coarse grained soil.
f)
Soils are heterogeneous in nature
& vary from region to region.
|
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IV
|
SOIL EROISION
|
|||||||||||||||
|
“The removal of soil by the forces of
nature like wind, and water, more rapidly than the various soil forming
process can replace it.”
|
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|
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
A:
|
Water Erosion: Water is a
powerful agent of soil erosion.
|
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|
i.
Sheet Erosion: Stage
1
·
The top layer of the soil is removed
over a large area by running water.
·
Unprotected lands are most
susceptible to sheet erosion.
·
Very harmful as it removes the top
layer which is very fine and fertile.
|
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|
ii.
Rill Erosion:
Stage 2
·
The second stage of sheet erosion
·
If erosion continues small finger
shaped grooves which are a few centimetres in depth may develop on the
landscape.
·
Over a period of time the fine rills
increase in number and also become deeper and wider.
|
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|
iii.
Gully Erosion:
Stage3
·
The rills become deeper and become
enlarged and ultimately turned into gullies.
·
The main cause is the removal of
vegetation, as roots of trees bind the soil.
·
Responsible for the formation of
ravines.
|
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B:
|
Wind Erosion:
·
Wind is a powerful agent of erosion in
arid and semi lands with little rainfall.
·
Wind can lift the valuable top soil from
one area and deposit it in another area.
·
Wind erosion is a very dangerous type of erosion
because due to wind most of the deserts of the world are expanding.
|
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Human
factors of soil erosion: Apart from the natural
factors such as wind and water, man is an important factor responsible for soil
erosion.
1. Deforestation: With the increase in
population, modernization and industrialization, the pressure on forest
resources is increasing every day. This has resulted in reckless cutting of
forests which has led to the problem of soil erosion. Roots of trees and plants
bind the soil particles and regulate the flow of water, thus saving the soil
from erosion. Therefore, deforestation invariably results in floods and soil
erosion. The large scale damage to soil in Shiwalik range, the choes of Punjab
and parts of Haryana and the ravines of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and
Rajasthan is largely due to deforestation.
2. Overgrazing: Forests and grasslands
provide much needed fodder for animals. During the rainy season, there is a
plenty of growth and animals get enough fodder. But during the long dry period,
there is shortage of fodder and the grass is grazed to the ground and torn out
by the roots by animals. This leads to loose structure of the soil and the soil
is easily washed away by rains. Soil erosion is mainly due to overgrazing is a
common sight in the hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in
the dry areas of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh.
3. Faulty methods of agriculture: Faulty
methods of agriculture are also responsible for soil erosion. For example:
Ploughing fields along the slope makes it easier for running water and wind to
cause erosion. Shifting agriculture is also responsible for soil erosion
because forests are cleared for cultivation. Soil erosion due to shifting
agriculture is one of the major problems in north-eastern states.
V:
SOIL CONSERVATION:
Soil conservation includes all those measures which
help in protecting the soil from erosion and exhaustion. Soil is our most
precious asset.
Protective soil alone ensures progress in agriculture,
industrial development, economic betterment and a higher standard of living.
So there is an urgent need to conserve soil.
1. Afforestation: The best way to conserve
soil is to increase area under forests. Indiscriminate felling of trees should
be stopped and efforts should be made to plant trees in new areas.
2. Restricted grazing of animals: Animals
should be moved over different pastures so as to avoid erosion of soil. Fodder
crops should be grown in larger quantity.
3. Constructing Dams: Much of the soil
erosion by river floods which can be avoided by constructing dams across the
rivers. This checks the speed of water and saves soil from erosion.
Proper
Farming Techniques
1.
Crop Rotation: If same crop is sown in the same field year after year this
consumes certain nutrients from the soil making it infertile. Crop rotation can
check this of erosion.
2.
Checking and reducing shifting agriculture by persuading the tribal people to
switch over to settled agriculture.
3.
Terracing and contour bonding across the hill slopes is a very effective and
one of the oldest methods of soil conservation. Hill slope is cut into a number
of terraces having horizontal top and steep slopes on the back and front.
Contour bonding involves the construction of bank along the contour.
4.
Ploughing the land in a direction perpendicular to wind direction also reduces
wind velocity and protects the top soil from erosion.
5.
Shelter belts (the rows of trees) can also reduce soil erosion because these
break the force of wind and water.
Questions:
A. Very short answer type
questions:
1.
What are the major types of soils available in India?
2.
What is soil erosion?
3.
What is gully- erosion?
4.
What do you understand by gully-erosion?
5.
What are renewable resources?
6.
What are non-renewable resources?
7.
Write any four factors which contribute to the formation and fertility of the
soil.
8.
Name any three factors which are responsible for waste land.
9.
Mention any four human activities which cause degradation of land.
10.
What percentage of total area of India is under: a. Mountains b. Plateaus c. Plains
11.”Human
resources and natural resources are complimentary to each other.” Justify the
statement by giving two examples.
B. Short answers type
questions:
1.
How does industry cause land degradation?
2.
Write a short note on alluvial soil.
3.
Write a short note on red soil.
4.
Distinguish between:
a. Red soil and laterite soil.
b. Renewable and non-renewable
resources.
c. Alluvial soil and black soil.
d. National and international
resources.
e. Stock and reserve.
5.
Explain the formation of soil.
6.
Discuss the causes of soil erosion.
Board Questions:
1.
To which state is black soil predominantly confined? Mention some features of
the soil.
2.
Write one nutrient that is found to be deficient in alluvial soil.
3.
What is resource planning?
4.
What are natural resources?
5.
What are biotic resources?
6.
What are abiotic resources?
7.
What do you mean by conservation of natural resources?
8.
Write two characteristics each of ‘khaddar’ and ‘bhangar’ soil.
9.
Give two characteristics of laterite soil.
10.
What is degraded land? Which are the factors responsible for degradation of
land?
11.
Why is there need for resources planning?
12.
How is black soil and regur soil formed? Where is this soil found in India?
13.
Describe any six measures adopted to control land degradation in different
areas of our country.
OR
Write a short note on land conservation
measures.